Tuesday, April 24, 2018

Kredit Online

Butuh dana cepat? ayo kredit online cepat untuk membayarkan biaya kebutuhan mendesak anda Dapatkan pinjaman dana dalam jumlah besar dengan masa pengembalian yang bisa Anda sesuaikan dengan kemampuan di sini.

               ⇩⇩⇩

http://www.bpr-artadamas.com/kredit-online/



Wednesday, March 15, 2017

Makalah Pengaruh Amandemen UUD 1945 Pasal 3

KATA PENGANTAR

            Puji syukur kita panjatkan kehadirat Allah S.W.T berkat hidayah dan kuasanya saya dapat menyelesaikan tugas pada mata kuliah Hukum dan Etika Bisnis. Adapun tujuan penulisan makalah ini ditunjukan untuk pelengkap tanggung jawab mahasiswa selaku peserta didik, dengan harapan makalah ini menjadi tolak ukur kita dalam memandang suatu permasalahan yang ada disekitar kita, semoga makalah ini bisa bermanfaat bagi para pembaca. Makalah ini dapat terbuat dan diselesaikan dengan adanya bantuan dari pihak pembimbing, oleh karena itu penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Bpk. Drs. H. Sutisna Djaharudin, MM selaku Dosen Pembimbing mata kuliah Hukum dan Etika Bisnis.
Saya sadar apa yang telah saya buat ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan. Oleh karena itu segala saran dan kritik yang bersifat membangun akan saya terima. Mohon maaf apabila ada salah kata. Wassalamulaikum. Wr. Wb.


Tangerang, 20 Maret 2017



Penyusun,



DAFTAR ISI
Kata Pengantar                                                                                                           
Daftar Isi                                                                                                                     
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang                                                                                          
1.2 Maksud dan Tujuan                                                                                  
1.3 Batasan Masalah                                                                                       
BAB II PEMBAHASAN
2.1 Pasal-pasal Yang Telah Diamandemen MPR                                           
2.2 Penjelasan UUD 1945 Pasal 3                                                                  
2.3 Analisis UUD 1945 pasal 3 sebelum dan sesudah amandemen               
2.4 Pengaruh Amandemen UUD 1945 Pasal 3 Terhadap Kewenangan MPR
      Dalam Ketatanegaraan RI                                                                            
BAB  III  PENUTUP
3.1 Kesimpulan                                                                                               
DAFTAR PUSTAKA                                                                                                  



BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

1.1              Latar Belakang
Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 di negara Indonesia telah mengalami beberapa kali perubahan, atau yang sering disebut amandemen. Sebenarnya apakah yang dimaksud amandemen itu? Secara bahasa, amandemen berasal dari Bahasa Inggris, to amend atau to make better. Amandemen adalah penambahan atau perubahan, ada beberapa pengertian tentang perubahan ini, diantaranya: penggantian naskah yang satu dengan naskah yang sama sekali berbeda, perubahan dalam arti dengan menambahkan, mengurangi, atau merevisi sesuatu rumusan dalam naskah UUD itu menurut tradisi negara-negara Eropa, perubahan dengan cara melampirkan naskah perubahan itu pada naskah UUD yang sudah ada, dan inilah yang biasa disebut dengan istilah amandemen menurut tradisi Amerika Serikat. Pada amandemen UUD 1945 tidak terdapat penggantian dasar negara, baik itu Pancasila, bentuk negara kesatuan, maupun bentuk pemerintahan presidensial. Tetapi hanya menyempurnakan, memperjelas, memperbaiki kesalahan, dan melakukan koreksi terhadap pasal-pasal yang ada, tanpa harus melakukan perubahan terhadap hal-hal yang mendasar dalam UUD 1945 itu sendiri.
Secara umum, tujuan amandemen UUD 1945 adalah sebagai berikut:
·         Menyempurnakan aturan dasar mengenai tatanan Negara
·         Menyempurnakan aturan dasar mengenai jaminan dan pelaksanaan kedaulatan rakyat
·         Menyempurnakan aturan dasar mengenai jaminan dan perlindungan HAM
·         Menyempurnakan aturan dasar penyelenggaraan Negara secara demokratis dan modern
·         Melengkapi aturan dasar yang sangat penting dalam penyelenggaraan Negara
·         Menyempurnakan aturan dasar mengenai kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara

1.2              Maksud dan Tujuan
Adapun maksud dan tujuan pembuatan makalah ini adalah sebagai berikut:
1.      Untuk memenuhi salah satu tugas pada mata kuliah Hukum dan Etika Bisnis.
2.      Memberikan acuan atau sumber pembelajaran bagi kami pribadi / pihak pembimbing mengenai mata kuliah Hukum dan Etika Bisnis.
3.      Menambah wawasan / pengetahuan bagi kami yang menyusun makalah ini. 

1.3              Batasan Masalah
1.      Pasal-pasal yang telah diamandemen MPR
2.      Penjelasan UUD 1945 pasal 3
3.      Analisis UUD 1945 pasal 3 sebelum dan sesudah amandemen
4.      Pengaruh amandemen UUD 1945 pasal 3 terhadap kewenangan MPR
dalam ketatanegaraan RI

BAB II
PEMBAHASAN

2.1       Pasal-pasal UUD 1945 yang telah diamandemen oleh MPR
Ø  Amandemen Pertama
Amandemen Pertama diputuskan pada sidang tahunan MPR tanggal 19 Oktober 1999. Pasal pasal UUD 1945 yang mengalami perubahan yaitu pasal 5 ayat (1), pasal 7, pasal 9, pasal 13 ayat (1), pasal 14, pasal 15, pasal 17 ayat (2) dan (3), pasal 20, dan pasal 21.
Ø  Amandemen Kedua
Amandemen kedua diputuskan pada sidang tahunan MPR tanggal 18 Agustus 2000. Pasal pasal UUD 1945 yang mengalami perubahan yaitu pasal 18, pasal 18A, pasal 18B, pasal 19, pasal 20 ayat (5), pasal 20A, pasal 22A, pasal 22B, Bab IXA, pasal 25E, Bab X, pasal 26 ayat (2) dan (3), pasal 27 ayat (3), Bab XA, pasal 28A, pasal 28B, pasal 28C, pasal 28D, pasal 28E, pasal 28F, pasal 28G, pasal 28H, pasal 28I, pasal 28J, Bab XII, pasal 30, Bab XV, pasal 36A, pasal 36B, dan pasal 36C.
Ø  Amandemen Ketiga  
Amandemen Ketiga diputuskan pada sidang MPR tanggal 9 November 2001. Pasal pasal UUD 1945 yang mengalami perubahan yaitu pasal 1 ayat (2) dan (3), pasal 3 ayat (1), (3), dan (4), pasal 6 ayat (1) dan (2), pasal 6A ayat (1), (2), (3), dan (5), pasal 7A, pasal 7B ayat (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), dan (7), pasal 7C, pasal 8 ayat (1) dan (2), pasal 11 ayat (2), dan (3), pasal 17 ayat (4), Bab VIIA, pasal 22C ayat (1), (2), (3), dan (4), pasal 22D ayat (1), (2), (3) dan (4), Bab VIIB, pasal 22E ayat (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), dan (6), pasal 23 ayat (1), (2), dan (3), pasal 23A, pasal 23C, Bab VIIIA, pasal 23E ayat (1), (2), dan (3), pasal 23F ayat (1) dan (2), pasal 23G ayat (1) dan (2), pasal 24 ayat (1) dan (2), pasal 24A ayat (1), (2), (3), (4), dan (5), pasal 24B ayat (1), (2), (3), dan (4), pasal 24C ayat (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) dan (6).

Ø  Amandemen Keempat
Amandemen Keempat diputuskan pada sidang MPR tanggal 10 Agustus 2000. Pasal pasal UUD 1945 yang mengalami perubahan yaitu pasal 2 ayat (1), pasal 6A ayat (4), pasal 8 ayat (3), pasal 11 ayat (1), pasal 16, pasal 23B, pasal 23D, pasal 24 ayat (3), Bab XIII, pasal 31 ayat (1), (2), (3), (4), dan (5), pasal 32 ayat (1) dan (2), Bab XIV, pasal 33 ayat (4) dan (5), pasal 34 ayat (1), (2), (3) dan (4), pasal 37 ayat (1), (2), (3), (4), dan (5), aturan peralihan pasal I, II, dan III, aturan tambahan pasal I, dan II.

2.2       Penjelasan UUD 1945 Untuk Pasal 3  
Ø  Rumusan naskah asli Pasal 3 sebelum amandemen berbunyi :
Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat menetapkan Undang-Undang Dasar dan garis-garis besar daripada haluan negara.
Ø  Bunyi Pasal 3 UUD Setelah Amandemen
1)      Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat berwenang mengubah dan menetapkan Undang-Undang Dasar. ***)
2)      Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat melantik Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden. ***/****)
3)      Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat hanya dapat memberhentikan Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden dalam masa jabatannya menurut UndangUndang Dasar. ***/****)
 Ketentuan itu dirumuskan untuk melakukan penataan ulang sistem ketatanegaraan kita agar dapat diwujudkan secara optimal sistem ketatanegaraan negara Indonesia yang menganut sistem saling mengawasi dan saling mengimbangi antar lembaga negara dalam kedudukan yang setara, dalam hal ini antara MPR dan lembaga negara lainnya seperti Presiden dan DPR.
  
2.3       Analisis UUD 1945 Sebelum dan Sesudah Amandemen
Ø  Pasal 3 ayat 1
Sebelum Amandemen: MPR hanya berperan untuk menetapkan UUD dan GBHN. Pengubahan UUD bukan menjadi hak MPR
Sesudah Amandemen: MPR bisa melakukan perubahan pada UUD, selain menetapkannya. Apabila dipandang suatu pasal tidak sesuai dengan zaman, maka MPR bisa melakukan perubahan sesuai dengan UU yang berlaku
Ø  Pasal 3 ayat 2
Sebelum Amandemen: (Tidak Ada)
Sesudah Amandemen: MPR berwenang sebagai lembaga yang melantik presiden dan wakil presiden saja, karena sebelumnya MPR juga memilih, mengangkat, dan memberhentikan presiden dan wakil presiden
Ø  Pasal 3 ayat 3
Sebelum Amandemen: (Tidak Ada)
Sesudah Amandemen: MPR hanya berwenang untuk memakzulkan presiden dan wakil presiden berdasarkan UUD, dengan alasan presiden/wapres itu gagal dalam melaksanakan pemerintahan. Mereka tidak berwenang untuk memilihnya

2.3       Pengaruh Amandemen Pasal 3 UUD 1945 Terhadap Kewenangan MPR Dalam
Ketatanegaraan RI
Pasal 3 ayat 1, 2, dan 3 menempati Bab II dalam Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Pasal ini berbicara tentang tugas dan wewenang lembaga Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR). Pasal ini pernah mengalami amandemen, tepatnya pada Sidang Tahunan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Tahun 2001 tanggal 1 - 9 November 2001 (Amandemen ketiga). Dalam perubahan tersebut, terjadi penambahan tugas dan wewenang MPR. Jika sebelum amandemen tugas dan wewenang MPR hanyalah menetapkan UUD dan GBHN, maka setelah amandemen ketiga MPR bertugas dan berwenang untuk menetapkan UUD, melantik, dan memberhentikan Presiden/Wakil Presiden. Dengan adanya perubahan Pasal 3 Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, MPR mempunyai tiga wewenang, yaitu:
1)      Mengubah dan menetapkan Undang-Undang Dasar
2)      Melantik Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden
3)      Memberhentikan Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden dalam masa jabatannya menurut Undang-Undang Dasar.
Dengan ketentuan baru ini secara teoretis berarti terjadi perubahan fundamental dalam sistem ketatanegaraan kita, yaitu dari sistem yang vertikal hierarkis dengan prinsip supremasi MPR menjadi sistem yang horizontal fungsional dengan prinsip saling mengimbangi dan saling mengawasi antar lembaga negara. Dengan perubahan itu, MPR tidak lagi menetapkan garis-garis besar haluan negara, baik yang berbentuk GBHN maupun berupa peraturan perundang-undangan, serta tidak lagi memilih dan mengangkat Presiden dan Wakil Presiden. Hal ini berkaitan dengan perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 yang menganut sistem pemilihan Presiden dan Wakil Presiden secara langsung oleh rakyat yang memiliki program yang ditawarkan langsung kepada rakyat. Jika calon Presiden dan Wakil Presiden itu menang maka program itu menjadi program pemerintah selama lima tahun. Berkaitan dengan hal itu, wewenang MPR adalah melantik Presiden atau Wakil Presiden yang dipilih secara langsung oleh rakyat. Dalam hal ini MPR tidak boleh tidak melantik Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden yang sudah terpilih.

BAB III
PENUTUP

1.1   Kesimpulan
Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 di negara Indonesia telah mengalami beberapa kali perubahan, atau yang sering disebut amandemen. Amandemen adalah penambahan atau perubahan, perubahan dalam arti dengan menambahkan, mengurangi, atau merevisi sesuatu rumusan dalam naskah UUD. Pada amandemen UUD 1945 tidak terdapat penggantian dasar negara, baik itu Pancasila, bentuk negara kesatuan, maupun bentuk pemerintahan presidensial. Tetapi hanya menyempurnakan, memperjelas, memperbaiki kesalahan, dan melakukan koreksi terhadap pasal-pasal yang ada, tanpa harus melakukan perubahan terhadap hal-hal yang mendasar dalam UUD 1945 itu sendiri. Salah satunya pasal 3 UUD 1945 tentang tugas dan wewenang lembaga Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR). Pasal ini pernah mengalami amandemen, tepatnya pada Sidang Tahunan MPR Tahun 2001 tanggal 1 - 9 November 2001 (Amandemen ketiga). Dalam perubahan tersebut, terjadi penambahan tugas dan wewenang MPR. Jika sebelum amandemen tugas dan wewenang MPR hanyalah menetapkan UUD dan GBHN, maka setelah amandemen ketiga MPR bertugas dan berwenang untuk menetapkan UUD, melantik, dan memberhentikan Presiden/Wakil Presiden.
1.2  Kritik dan Saran
Terhadap ketentuan sosial yang terkadang tidak cukup mensejahterakan rakyat, perlu juga diperhatikan demi kepentingan bersama untuk mencerdaskan bangsa. Beberapa alasan diamandemennya UUD 1945 menjadi koreksi bagi pemerintah atau para pelaksana perubahan UUD 1945 untuk secara langsung melibatkan kepentingan rakyat dan aspirasi rakyat.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

https://helmiairan.wordpress.com/2012/10/19/analisisuud1945/
http://limc4u.com/blog/penjelasan-pasal-3-uud-1945-2/
Fatwa, AM. 2009. Potret Konstitusi Pasca Amandemen UUD 1945. Jakarta: PT Kompas Media Nusantara.
Tim Wahyu Media. 2016. Pedoman Resmi UUD 1945 dan Perubahannya. Jakarta: Tim Wahyumedia.

http://www.pasaluud.com/2016/12/pasal-3-ayat-1-2-3-uud-1945-bunyi-dan.html

Wednesday, November 11, 2015

Gerund


Some common conversational English dealing with daily activities
Asking Daily Activities
Responding
  • What time do you get up?
  •  I get up about six fifteen
  • What time is breakfast at your house?
  • Breakfast is always at a quarter to eight
  • What do you usually do in the afternoon?
  • I usually study or read
  • Do you ever go to museum?
  • I go every now and then
  • Do you watching television very often?
  • I like the eleven o clock theater best of all
1.      Some common conversational English dealing with hobbies and interest
Asking Hobbies and Interest:
  • What is your hobby?
  • Do you like playing chess?
  • What is your favorite book to read?
  • Do you delight in hiking?
Hobbies are closely related to positive feelings and are expressed through verbs and phrases: 
  • I enjoy hiking
  • I love gardening
  • I am thrilled about collecting sweet wrapper
  • I relax with a book whenever I find time
1.      Some common conversational English in handling guest, mainly, in front desk or lobby area
  • Good morning/afternoon/evening, sir/madam. Welcome to our hotel.
  • How may I help you?
  • May I have your name please? How do you spell that?
To response, we may use these following expressions:
  • Good morning/afternoon/evening
  • Yes of course
  • Thank you in advance
  • No, thanks
1.      Gerund
In English grammar, the gerund is a verb form in -ing when used to make a verb phrase that can serve in place of a noun phrase (thus being similar in function to the Latin gerund). The same -ingform also serves as the English present participle (which has an adjectival or adverbial function), and as a verbal noun.
In relation to certain other languages, the term gerund may be applied to a form which has noun-like uses like the Latin and English gerunds, or in some cases to various other non-finite verb forms, such as verbal adverbs (also called adverbial participles).
In English, the gerund is identical in form to the present participle (ending in -ing) and can behave as a verb within a clause (so that it may be modified by an adverb or have an object), but the clause as a whole (sometimes consisting of only one word, the gerund itself) acts as a noun within the larger sentence. For example: Eating this cake is easy.
In "Eating this cake is easy," "eating this cake," although traditionally known as a phrase, is referred to as a non-finite clause in modern linguistics. "Eating" is the verb in the clause, while "this cake" is the object of the verb. "Eating this cake" acts as a noun phrase within the sentence as a whole, though; the subject of the sentence is the non-finite clause, specifically eating.

Other examples of the gerund:
  • I like swimming. (direct object)
  • Swimming is fun. (subject)
  • I never gave swimming all that much effort. (indirect object)
            Gerund clauses:
  • She is considering having a holiday.
  • Do you feel like going out?
  • I can't help falling in love with you.
  • I can't stand not seeing you.
Not all nouns that are identical in form to the present participle are gerunds.The formal distinction is that a gerund is a verbal noun – a noun derived from a verb that retains verb characteristics, that functions simultaneously as a noun and a verb, while other nouns in the form of the present participle (ending in -ing) are deverbal nouns, which function as common nouns, not as verbs at all. Compare:
  • I like fencing. (gerund, an activity, could be replaced with "to fence")
  • The white fencing adds to the character of the neighborhood. (deverbal, could be replaced with an object such as "bench")
As the result of its origin and development, the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as follows:
1.      The gerund can perform the function of subjectobject and predicative:
  • Smoking endangers your health. (subject)
  • I like making people happy. (object)
2.      The gerund can be preceded by a preposition:
  •  I'm tired of arguing.
3.      Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case, a possessive adjective, or an adjective:
  • I wonder at John's keeping calm.
  • Is there any objection to my seeing her?
  • Brisk walking relieves stress.

The verbal characteristics of the gerund include the following:

1.      The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object:


  • I've made good progress in speaking Basque.


2.      The gerund can be modified by an adverb:
  • Breathing deeply helps you to calm down.


3.      The gerund has the distinctions of aspect and voice.
  • Having read the book once before makes me more prepared.
  • Being deceived can make someone feel angry.


Verb patterns with the gerund
Verbs that are often followed by a gerund include admit, adore, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, describe, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, feel, finish, give, hear, imagine, include, justify, listen to, mention, mind, miss, notice, observe, perceive, postpone, practice, quit, recall, report, resent, resume, risk, see, sense, sleep, stop, suggest, tolerate and watch. Additionally, prepositions are often followed by a gerund.
For example:
  • I will never quit smoking.
  • We postponed making any decision.
  • After two years of analyzing, we finally made a decision.
  • We heard whispering.
  • They denied having avoided me.
  • He talked me into coming to the party.
  • They frightened her out of voicing her opinion.



Verbs followed by a gerund or a to-infinitive
With little change in meaning
advise, recommend and forbid:
These are followed by a to-infinitive when there is an object as well, but by a gerund otherwise.
  • The police advised us not to enter the building, for a murder had occurred. (Us is the object of advised.)
  • The police advised against our entering the building. (Our is used for the gerund entering.)
    consider, contemplate and recommend:
    These verbs are followed by a to-infinitive only in the passive or with an object pronoun.
    • People consider her to be the best. – She is considered to be the best.
    • I am considering sleeping over, if you do not mind.
    begin, continue, start; hate, like, love, prefer
    With would, the verbs hate, like, love, and prefer are usually followed by the to-infinitive.
    • I would like to work there. (more usual than working)
    When talking about sports, there is usually a difference in meaning between the infinitive and gerund (see the next section).

    With a change in meaning
    like, love, prefer
    In some contexts, following these verbs with a to-infinitive when the subject of the first verb is the subject of the second verb provides more clarity than a gerund.
    • I like to box. (I enjoy doing it myself.)
    • I like boxing. (Either I enjoy watching it, I enjoy doing it myself, or the idea of boxing is otherwise appealing.)
    • I do not like gambling, but I do like to gamble."
    • dreadhate and cannot bear:
    These verbs are followed by a to-infinitive when talking subjunctively (often when using to think), but by a gerund when talking about general dislikes.
    • I dread / hate to think what she will do.
    • I dread / hate seeing him.
    • I cannot bear to see you suffer like this. (You are suffering now.)
    • I cannot bear being pushed around in crowds. (I never like that.)
    forget and remember:
    When these have meanings that are used to talk about the future from the given time, the to-infinitive is used, but when looking back in time, the gerund.
    • She forgot to tell me her plans. (She did not tell me, although she should have.)
    • She forgot telling me her plans. (She told me, but then forgot having done so.)
    • I remembered to go to work. (I remembered that I needed to go to work.)
    • I remembered going to work. (I remembered that I went to work.)
    go on:
    • After winning the semi-finals, he went on to play in the finals. (He completed the semi-finals and later played in the finals.)
    • He went on giggling, not having noticed the teacher enter. (He continued doing so.)
    mean:
    • I did not mean to scare you off. (I did not intend to scare you off.)
    • Taking a new job in the city meant leaving behind her familiar surroundings. (If she took the job, she would have to leave behind her familiar surroundings.)
    regret:
    • We regret to inform you that you have failed your exam. (polite or formal form of apology)
    • I very much regret saying what I said. (I wish that I had not said that.)
    try:
    When a to-infinitive is used, the subject is shown to make an effort at something, attempt or endeavor to do something. If a gerund is used, the subject is shown to attempt to do something in testing to see what might happen.
    • Please try to remember to post my letter.
    • I have tried being stern, but to no avail.
    stop, quit:
    When the infinitive is used after 'stop' or 'quit', it means that the subject stops one activity and starts the activity indicated by the infinitive. If the gerund is used, it means that the subject stops the activity indicated by the gerund.
    • She stopped to smell the flowers.
    • She stopped smelling the flowers.
    Or more concisely:
    • She stopped walking to smell the flowers.
    • He quit working there to travel abroad.


        Gerunds preceded by a genitive
        Because of its noun properties, the genitive (possessive) case is preferred for a noun or pronoun preceding a gerund, which is functioning as the subject of the gerund's verbal element.
        • We enjoyed their [genitive] singing.
        This use is preferred in formal writing or speaking. In casual speech, the objective case is sometimes used in place of the possessive:
        • I do not see it making any difference. (I do not see its making any difference is correct.)
        Using the possessive case with the gerund is applicable in all situations, for instance:
        • He affected my going there.
        • He affected your going there.
        • He affected his/her/its going there.
        • He affected our going there.
        • He affected their going there.
        • He affected Mary's going there.
        The verbal action of the gerund belongs, in effect, to the subject practising it; thus, the possessive is required to clearly demonstrate that relationship.
        In some situations, either the possessive or the nominative case may be logical, but with slightly different meanings; but when the nominative case is used the verbal element is a participle, not a gerund:
        • The teacher's shouting startled the student. (Shouting is a gerund, and teacher's is a possessive noun indicating whose shouting is being talked about; but shouting is the subject of the sentence.)
        • The teacher shouting startled the student. (Shouting is a participle describing the teacher. This sentence means The teacher who was shouting startled the student. In this sentence, the subject is the teacher herself. A clearer way to write this sentence might be The teacher, shouting, startled the student.)
        Either of these sentences means that the student was startled because the teacher was shouting, but the first places greater emphasis on the shouting by making it the subject of the sentence, while the second places greater emphasis on the teacher and is not using a gerund.
        Despite such examples of a similar construction that uses a participle instead of a gerund, using a noun or pronoun in anything except the possessive case as the subject of a gerund (He affected me going there) is incorrect in formal writing.

        Gerunds and present participles
        Insofar as there is a distinction between gerunds and present participles, it is generally fairly clear which is which. The subject or object of a preposition is a gerund. If, on the other hand, the word modifies a noun attributively or absolutely, it is a participle. The main source of confusion is when the word follows a verb, in which case it may be a predicate adjective and hence a participle, or a direct object or predicate nominative and hence a gerund. In this case, a few transformations can help distinguish the cases. In the table that follows, ungrammatical sentences are marked with asterisks, per common linguistic practice; it should be noted that the transformations all produce grammatical sentences with similar meanings when applied to sentences with gerunds but either ungrammatical sentences, or sentences with completely different meanings, when applied to sentences with participles.



        English gerund-like words in other languages
        English words ending in -ing are often transformed into pseudo-anglicisms in other languages, where their use is somewhat different from in English itself. In many of these cases, the loanword has functionally become a noun rather than a gerund. For instance, camping is a campsite in Bulgarian, Dutch, French, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, and Spanish; in Bulgarian, Dutch, French, Polish, and Russian parking is a car park; lifting is a facelift in Bulgarian, French, German, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Hebrew, and Spanish. The French word for shampoo is (le) shampooing.

        In popular culture
        In the Molesworth books by Geoffrey Willans and Ronald Searle, Searle included a series of cartoons on the "private life of the gerund",intended to parody the linguistic snobbery of Latin teachers' striving after strict grammatical correctness and the difficulty experienced by students in comprehending the construction.
        Owen Johnson's "Lawrenceville Stories" feature a Latin teacher who constantly demands that his students determine whether a given word is a gerund or a gerundive.
        In an episode of Dan Vs., "The Ninja", after Dan's milk carton exploded from the ninja's shuriken, a teenager said to Dan "Drinking problem much?" and Dan complained that the sentence had no verb, just a gerund.

        5. Interogative Sentences
        If you listen to an everyday conversation, you’ll notice the exchange isn’t simply statements of facts or ideas.   Of course, these types of statements (called declarative sentences) are part of the dialogue, but unless the conversation is entirely one-way, chances are you’ll also hear requests or commands (imperative sentences), exclamations (exclamatory sentences) or questions (interrogative sentences).  That’s how normal dialogue occurs and in order for your writing to be engaging and interesting, you need to do what comes naturally in every day language.
        Sentences that ask a question are called interrogative sentences.  They’re easy to spot -they always end with a question mark (?).  But it’s not quite as simple as that.  All interrogative sentences are not the same.
        There are 3 types of Interrogative sentences.
        1. Yes/No interrogatives
        2. Wh-interrogatives
        3. Tag questions.
        A. Yes/no interrogatives
        Yes No Question are questions that can be answered with a yes or a no response. You probably ask or are asked these questions every day.

        Here are some examples of yes/no interrogative sentences:
        • Mister, can you spare a dime?
        • Did you take your vitamin this morning?
        • Do you have your homework ready?
        • Are you ready to go?
        • Did you go to the game Friday night?

        For each of the above questions, the answer will be either a yes or no answer.

        Alternative interrogatives are questions that provide for two or more alternative answers.  In other words, you’re providing a choice.

        Examples of alternative interrogative sentences:

        • Would you prefer chocolate or vanilla ice cream?
        • Should I call or email you?
        • Do you want coffee, tea, or soda?

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